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LABOUR LEGISLATION
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SOCIAL SECURITY
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For me, Social Security
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answers a very specific aspect
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of mankind's crucial needs,
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namely, the universal need for security.
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People dislike
feeling insecure about the future.
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They dislike it
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both for themselves
and for their families.
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For a long time,
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uncertainty about the future
could be avoided
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or partly compensated,
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because you were able
to find within your family
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a way to cover unexpected expenses.
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Families provided
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for their children,
for their sick and elderly,
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all the more so because one family
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equalled one farm.
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Then, economic development
brought about
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new causes of insecurity
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At the same time, it prevented families
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from upholding their mission
of providing security.
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These new causes of insecurity
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are work-related accidents,
unemployment.
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They can also be,
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in a certain way, old age.
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People live longer,
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but without revenue.
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As to families, it is well known
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that in today's industrialised,
urban, working environment,
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families live hand to mouth,
on a single wage.
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And so, public authorities
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had to substitute
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for families,
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to give individuals, workers
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the security they needed.
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How long has Social Security existed?
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Well, Sir, I believe
it has been around since 1930, 1931.
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Approximately.
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Before 1930, did people go to the doctor
more readily than nowadays?
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Oh, no, Sir.
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First of all, their means weren't
the same, that's for sure.
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There was no help
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to reimburse their expenses,
to compensate for them.
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As to the chemist's...
Once I saw...
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It was before 1930,
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after that even,
because Social Security existed then.
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A poor...
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A man who worked with the buses
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left his cap
because he couldn't pay for the drugs.
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And he went to get his Social Security.
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The chemist trusted him.
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He left his cap.
It had no value, except for him.
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See how it was before?
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- The doctor was for serious cases only.
- Certainly.
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I'm sure some kids got
diphtheria swollen tonsils, you know,
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and were never taken care of
or too late.
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And so, you had to save money,
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in case you fell ill?
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You did.
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But my clients were factory workers,
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and it was even more difficult
than nowadays to save money.
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Whatever the amount of money
families managed to save,
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successive devaluations
reduced them to very little.
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Very quickly,
the family unit found itself
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unable to protect its members
against social risks.
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What are the mechanisms or principles
we have substituted
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for the family unit,
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which used to stand for security?
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These principles
rest on a very simple idea:
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solidarity.
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What does solidarity mean?
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It means
that the burden carried by one person,
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an unexpected burden,
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is shared out
among the entire population.
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Here, we need to dispel
a fundamental misconception.
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People believe,
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because of the contributions they pay,
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that their contributions
cover their own benefits,
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in other words,
that they're paying for what they get.
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That's completely wrong.
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When you receive benefits,
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because you're ill, old
or have dependent children,
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what you're paid isn't covered
by your own contributions,
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but by other people's.
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Bring us the prescription
from the hospital, with the receipt,
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and we'll reimburse you.
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I have another question.
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Article 1 of the Ordinance
from October 4th, 1945
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intended to insure employees
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against all types of risks
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susceptible to reduce or remove
their wage-earning capabilities.
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However, the general scheme
protects employees
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against some risks only.
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That is why we need to study
which risks are covered,
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who is protected,
by what means,
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and how that protection is financed.
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Which risks are covered?
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But first, what is a risk?
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A risk is an unexpected event,
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resulting
in additional costs for a family:
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paying the doctor,
providing for a child.
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It can also diminish
or do away with wages
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coming into the household.
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Disease will lead to sick leave,
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no more pay cheque.
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With old-age comes a reduction
in work capabilities,
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no more pay cheque.
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A risk can produce both effects:
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an increase in expenses,
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and a reduction
in revenue for the family.
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There are 3 risk categories:
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physiological,
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professional,
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and family-related.
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Physiological risks are:
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illness,
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maternity,
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disability,
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old-age,
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and death.
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These risks are covered
by social insurance.
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Professional risks are:
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workplace accidents,
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and work-related illness.
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In France,
unemployment coverage exists,
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but it relies on mechanisms
unrelated to Social Security.
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As a concept though,
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it belongs to social security.
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Professional risks are covered
by workplace accident insurance.
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Family-related risks are:
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pregnancy,
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child support,
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housing costs,
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and disabled children.
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FAMILY BENEFITS
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These risks are covered
by family benefits.
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For different risks,
who is protected?
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For physiological risks,
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illness or maternity,
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the employee and his family
are protected.
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For disability, old-age and death,
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only the employee is.
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For professional risks,
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workplace accidents,
and work-related illness,
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only the employee is.
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For family-related risks,
there are 2 types of beneficiaries.
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People who work,
regardless of their legal status,
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and people deemed unable to work.
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Both categories are covered
against family-related risks.
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Let's sum this up.
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Employees and their families
are covered
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against illness and maternity,
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and against family-related risks.
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Only employees are covered
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against disability,
old-age and death,
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as well as workplace accidents
and work-related illness.
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Finally, all workers,
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regardless of their legal status,
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employees, employers,
independent workers,
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are covered
against family-related risks.
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Non-workers,
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i.e. people
who are deemed unable to work,
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unemployed or disabled people,
housewives with 2 children,
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they too, are covered
against family-related risks.
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Now, let's turn to means of protection.
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Here's the first precept:
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when the risk occurs,
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Social Security compensates for it
by paying sums of money.
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We call this compensation.
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But you need to remember
a second precept.
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Compensating for a risk
is always a stopgap.
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It's much better to prevent the risk,
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or minimise its consequences,
if it couldn't be avoided,
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by trying to readapt the victim
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to normal life as soon as possible,
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and by trying to reinstate him or her
into the normal production track.
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Through its health and social work,
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Social Security aims
to prevent, rehabilitate
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and redeploy victims.
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That's why we need to examine, first,
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risk reparation by Social Security,
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and second, Social Security's
health and social work.
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First, risk reparation.
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It involves the payment of sums of money
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called benefits or allowances.
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There are 2 types of benefits.
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One type aims to help families
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bear the increase in costs
associated with the risk.
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These are referred to as
benefits in kind.
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The other type aims to compensate
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wage loss or decrease.
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We call them cash benefits.
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Let us study compensation
for each risk category.
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First, physiological risks.
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Concerning illness,
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we have the reimbursement
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of medical, surgical, drug
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and hospitalisation expenses.
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These reimbursements
are benefits in kind
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paid to the insured person
and his or her family.
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On the other hand, health insurance
also includes wage replacement.
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They are cash benefits,
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paid as daily compensation
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to the insured person
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who had to stop working
because he or she fell ill.
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Maternity.
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There is no charge
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for medical and surgical care
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related to pregnancy and delivery.
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They are benefits in kind
for the insured person
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or the wife or daughter thereof.
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Also, wages are replaced.
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They are cash benefits
paid to the insured person
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during maternity leave.
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Disability.
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All medical expenses are reimbursed.
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They are benefits in kind.
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Additionally,
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wages are replaced.
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They are cash benefits
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paid in the form
of a quarterly disability pension
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to the insured only.
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In old-age, wages are replaced
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by a quarterly pension
paid to the insured person.
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Finally,
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in the event of death,
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some of the bereavement costs
are compensated,
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and the family gets temporary support
in the form of a small sum of money.
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We have just seen
how physiological risks are repaired.
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Now, let us study
how professional risks are repaired.
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Professional risks include
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work-place injuries and illnesses.
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On the one hand,
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medical, surgical
and pharmaceutical care is free.
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They are benefits in kind
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paid to the employee
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suffering
from a work-place injury or illness.
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On the other hand,
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wages are replaced.
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They are cash benefits
in 3 possible forms:
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either daily compensation
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or a quarterly pension
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or, in the event of death,
a pension paid to the family.
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FAMILY-RELATED RISKS
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Now, let's see
how family-related risks are repaired.
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Their purpose is to cover expenses
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related to the birth of children.
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Pregnancy and birth-related expenses,
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excluding medical costs
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which are covered
by maternity insurance,
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are covered by 2 types of allowances.
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The prenatal allowance
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is paid in 3 instalments
during pregnancy.
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The maternity allowance
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is paid in 2 instalments,
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one, when the child is born,
and the other, 6 months afterwards.
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Other child maintenance expenses
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are compensated by family allowances
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paid monthly.
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A single wage allowance is also paid
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to households with only one source
of professional income.
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Some expenses
related to raising disabled children
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are covered
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by a special education allowance.
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Finally, housing costs
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higher than what the family can afford
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can be covered
by the housing allowance.
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SANITARY AND SOCIAL ACTION
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The security of workers
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and of their families
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isn't only about money.
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More than money,
what they really want,
274
00:17:57,280 --> 00:18:00,480
is to not fall ill
or have an accident.
275
00:18:00,640 --> 00:18:03,120
They want to live
under normal conditions
276
00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:06,000
without having to appeal
to one of the Funds.
277
00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,560
That's why Social Security
has been naturally led
278
00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:12,200
to withdraw
279
00:18:12,360 --> 00:18:16,480
a very small portion from contributions
280
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:19,840
to finance what we usually call
281
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:23,560
either prevention
or health and social welfare.
282
00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:27,120
Indeed, we need to distinguish
283
00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:31,000
in Social Security work
284
00:18:31,760 --> 00:18:35,240
between first, work-place accident
and illness prevention,
285
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:37,640
where technical issues are at stake,
286
00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:42,360
and tools and machines
need to be adapted.
287
00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:45,520
Even traffic accident prevention
is included.
288
00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:47,560
Second,
289
00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:51,000
health and social welfare
290
00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:55,440
regards medical and social issues.
291
00:18:56,280 --> 00:19:00,280
That is why Social Security Funds
292
00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:05,320
dedicate
rather sizeable amounts of money
293
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,080
to hospital facilities
294
00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:11,920
to fill existing gaps,
295
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:16,920
improve sanitary equipment,
296
00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:19,840
and set up
hospitals where they are needed.
297
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:21,720
They manage sanatoria,
298
00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:24,240
children's facilities for example.
299
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,080
They strive to improve
300
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,240
maternal and child welfare.
301
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:33,720
It's one of their essential roles.
302
00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,000
They organise or finance a good portion
303
00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:39,800
of the assistance
given to disabled children.
304
00:19:40,920 --> 00:19:44,920
Here's an example of Social Security's
health and social action:
305
00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:48,240
The Institute
for Child Dental Prophylaxis.
306
00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:09,880
I'm putting in a small, white dressing.
307
00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:13,120
Keep it for 8 days
and when you come back,
308
00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,520
your tooth won't hurt at all anymore.
309
00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:19,480
Look, it's plaster.
In your mouth it goes!
310
00:20:20,120 --> 00:20:21,680
There's a good boy!
311
00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:23,880
Did it hurt?
312
00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:27,360
It didn't.
You couldn't feel a thing.
313
00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:30,520
Bite on this, now.
Does it bother you?
314
00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:32,320
Not at all?
315
00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:34,920
I'm going to add water.
316
00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:38,320
I need you to spit it out,
in the small sink over here.
317
00:20:38,640 --> 00:20:39,440
Spit.
318
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:43,320
A health education class
319
00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:44,960
in this clinic:
320
00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:46,600
... don't wet it before.
321
00:20:47,640 --> 00:20:48,440
Here.
322
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:49,760
For you.
323
00:20:56,960 --> 00:21:00,560
I'm going to show this to your friend
and you do the same.
324
00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:02,800
Watch closely.
325
00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:05,160
Close a little...
326
00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:09,600
Always brush from pink to white.
327
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:10,800
Watch closely.
328
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:14,400
Repeat this movement 5 times.
329
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,480
On your little front teeth,
count 5 times.
330
00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:20,680
And now, go to the side,
331
00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:22,800
always from pink to white.
332
00:21:24,120 --> 00:21:26,360
3, 4, 5.
333
00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:28,560
The same on the other side.
334
00:21:29,360 --> 00:21:32,480
2, 3, 4, 5.
335
00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:34,000
Now,
336
00:21:34,160 --> 00:21:36,080
on the chewing surfaces.
337
00:21:37,360 --> 00:21:38,440
On either side,
338
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:40,560
top and bottom.
339
00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:44,920
And now, our teeth are clean enough,
340
00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:46,520
and we can rinse.
341
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,280
Not too much though,
only once or twice.
342
00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:50,400
Now, rinse.
343
00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:54,880
And spit.
344
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,160
Good.
One more time.
345
00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,600
There.
On the other side too.
346
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,080
From gum to teeth.
347
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:08,320
Very good.
348
00:22:09,280 --> 00:22:11,800
Same thing, on the other side.
349
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,520
Social Security's screening van.
350
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:19,040
HEALTH EXAMINATION
351
00:22:20,520 --> 00:22:22,360
- Chemin des Roules?
- Yes.
352
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:26,840
- Your profession?
- Bricklayer.
353
00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:36,680
Come in here.
354
00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:39,600
Your chest against the plate.
355
00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:44,840
Fill your lungs completely.
356
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:46,960
Stop breathing.
357
00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:49,960
Breathe.
358
00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:52,360
It's over.
359
00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:55,680
Get dressed and go for a blood test.
360
00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:02,600
Medical and social work go hand in hand.
361
00:23:02,760 --> 00:23:07,440
Social work is done mainly
through Family Allowance Funds.
362
00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,640
They finance family housing
363
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,000
and summer camps for children.
364
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,560
They manage social workers
365
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:19,160
and domestic help.
366
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:22,040
Broadly speaking,
367
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:26,680
they are involved in all the projects
benefitting children and families.
368
00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:30,440
All this represents approximately
369
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:35,200
2 % of the global budget
of the general Social Security scheme.
370
00:23:35,360 --> 00:23:37,200
It doesn't amount to much,
371
00:23:37,360 --> 00:23:38,600
relatively,
372
00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:41,640
but it is very efficient.
373
00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:44,600
I believe
374
00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:48,880
that the time board members spend
on health and social welfare
375
00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:52,640
is a major part of what they do,
376
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,920
and an essential contribution
377
00:23:57,080 --> 00:23:59,720
to our country's
health and social welfare progress.
378
00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:04,960
FINANCING
379
00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:08,760
Social Security expenses
380
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:13,520
are covered by contributions
381
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:19,240
paid by employees,
employers, independent workers,
382
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,560
and, for some time now
and for a small portion,
383
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:24,400
by motorists.
384
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,720
In many countries,
385
00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:32,560
social security funds come,
to a large extent, from taxes.
386
00:24:33,360 --> 00:24:35,640
In France, that is not the case.
387
00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:40,720
The national budget
hardly contributes to Social Security,
388
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:43,560
and only to specific schemes
389
00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:47,440
such as the agriculture
or mining schemes.
390
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:52,640
The national budget hardly contributes
to the general Social Security scheme.
391
00:24:54,120 --> 00:24:59,440
Is choosing one option over the other
really important?
392
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,960
Ultimately,
it's still about our country's economy
393
00:25:03,120 --> 00:25:07,800
bearing the weight of Social Security.
394
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,760
However,
choosing a financial mechanism
395
00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:16,640
can have an impact,
especially an economic one.
396
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:20,800
From a general, social point of view,
397
00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,800
let us not believe
that Social Security in itself
398
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:28,680
represents a burden.
399
00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:32,440
At the very least,
the burden doesn't match the figures.
400
00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:33,800
Indeed,
401
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,520
the money paid to Social Security
to be distributed afterwards,
402
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:40,760
doesn't leave the country's economy.
403
00:25:41,360 --> 00:25:45,760
It is a redistribution of income
between people
404
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:50,160
who would have had
either higher or lower incomes,
405
00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:52,480
if we hadn't made these payments.
406
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,040
But the country's global economy
407
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,920
grows neither richer nor poorer
408
00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:01,320
because of cash flows
409
00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,040
taking place
inside the country's economy.
410
00:26:05,040 --> 00:26:06,000
Actually,
411
00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,880
you could also safely uphold
that, to a large extent,
412
00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,480
these flows benefit
the country's economy.
413
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:17,960
They are beneficial for 2 reasons.
414
00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:22,640
First, because money is given
415
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:28,560
to men or families who spend it,
instead of hoarding it.
416
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:32,560
Consequently,
it breathes life into the economy.
417
00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:37,040
It helps develop purchases
and consumption, hence production.
418
00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:40,360
It is beneficial for another reason.
419
00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:43,520
It enables families,
420
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,800
and especially the sick,
to be cared for.
421
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:49,960
Sustaining of human capital
422
00:26:50,120 --> 00:26:52,360
is ensured through Social Security.
423
00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:56,640
Many people, families, invalids
who couldn't get treatment, now can.
424
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,400
They get
their working power back faster.
425
00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:01,600
They live when they wouldn't.
426
00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:04,720
Human capital
is part of our national wealth.
427
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:09,160
Basically, Social Security
should be understood
428
00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:13,920
as the redistribution of a portion
of the national income,
429
00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:15,960
thus achieving solidarity
430
00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:20,040
between people who can work
and those who unwittingly can't.
431
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,520
Such is the philosophy
of the whole organisation.
432
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:29,800
The purpose of this programme
433
00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:34,640
was to explain the basic principles
of the general Social Security scheme.
434
00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:39,400
It applies to most employees
in the Industry and Commerce sector.
435
00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:44,440
Other schemes will be featured
in future programmes.
436
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,120
SEND YOUR CLAIM BY POST
437
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,280
AND YOU WILL RECEIVE
A COLBERT MONEY ORDER
438
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:13,000
IN THE SERIES
PRESENTED BY ANDRÉ GROUSSET
439
00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:19,680
A PROGRAMME
BY MADELEINE JUSSAUD
440
00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:23,200
WITH MR PIERRE LAROQUE,
441
00:28:23,360 --> 00:28:26,680
SECTION PRESIDENT
OF THE CONSEIL D'ÉTAT,
442
00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:32,680
AND THE CENTRAL PRIMARY FUNDS
OF THE PARISIAN AREA
443
00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:35,920
TECHNICAL TEAM
444
00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:41,480
DIRECTED BY PIERRE BUQUET
445
00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:44,200
Subtitles:
Élisabeth Fuchs & Julie Manuel